Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners :

Key Features of NCERT Material for Class 8 History Chapter 7   –  Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners

Quick revision notes

In Chapter 6 of Class 8 NCERT book: you must have learnt about Colonialism and the City. In chapter 7: you will learn about weavers, iron smelters and factory owners.

Introduction

• The chapter tells the story of the crafts and industries of India during British rule by focusing on two industries:

→ Textiles

→ Iron and steel.

Indian Textiles and the World Market

• Around 1750, India was by far the world’s largest producer of cotton textiles.

  • Indian textiles had long been renowned both for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship.

  • They were extensively traded in Southeast Asia and West and Central Asia.

  • From the sixteenth century, European trading companies began buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe Factory Owners.

  Words tell us histories

  • European traders first encountered fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq.
  → They began referring all finely woven textiles as “muslin” – a word that acquired wide currency.

  • The cotton textiles which Portuguese took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called “calico” which became the general name for all cotton textiles.

  • In 1730, English East India Company sent to its representatives in Calcutta to order a variety of cloth pieces in bulk.
  → Amongst the pieces ordered in bulk were printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes (or khassa) and bandanna.
  → Chintz is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs.
  → The word bandanna term is derived from the word “bandhna” refers to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head.

  • The printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes (or khassa) and bandanna.

  • There were other cloths in the order book that were noted by their place of origin such as Kasimbazar, Patna, Calcutta, Orissa, Charpoore.

The industrialization of Britain had a nearby association with the triumph and colonization of India. 

From the sixteenth century, European exchanging organizations started purchasing Indian materials available to be purchased in Europe. 

Printed cotton garments were called chintz, cossies or khassa and bandanna. 

The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) started creating steel in 1912. 

The industrialisation of Britain had a nearby association with the victory and colonization of India. 

English East India Company’s enthusiasm for exchange prompted the control of an area and the example of exchange changed throughout the long term. 

In the late eighteenth century the Company was purchasing products in India and trading them to England and Europe; making benefit through the deal. 

With the development of mechanical creation, British industrialists started to consider India to be a tremendous market for their modern items and exceptionally before long produced merchandise from Britain started flooding India. This gravely influenced Indian artworks and ventures. 

Simply take the case of Indian materials. Obviously that Indian materials were world celebrated for their quality, Factory Owners and craftsmanship. 

From the sixteenth century, European exchanging organizations started purchasing Indian materials available to be purchased in Europe. 

Here it merits referencing that Indian materials were celebrated in western business sectors under various names, for example, muslin, calico, and so on. 

Printed cotton fabrics were called chintz, cossies or khassa and bandanna. 

From the 1680s there began a fever for printed Indian cotton materials in England and Europe for the most part for their wonderful botanical structures, fine surface and to relative affordability. 

Notwithstanding, Indian materials started to decay with the improvement of cotton enterprises in Britain and by the start of the nineteenth century, English-made cotton materials effectively expelled Indian merchandise from their customary business sectors in Africa, America and Europe. 

This seriously influenced the weavers of India. They lost their work. Bengal weavers were the most exceedingly terrible hit. 

English and European organizations quit purchasing Indian merchandise. 

The circumstance turned out to be more regrettable by the 1830s when British cotton fabric overflowed Indian business sectors. This influenced both authority weavers and spinners. A huge number of provincial ladies who got by turning cotton string got jobless. 

Notwithstanding, handloom weaving kept on existing somewhat. This was on the grounds that a few sorts of materials couldn’t be provided by machines. Machines neglected to create saris with unpredictable fringes or fabrics with customary woven examples. 

Numerous weavers and spinners who lost their occupation presently became agrarian workers. Some relocated to urban communities looking for work but others left the nation to work in manors in Africa and South America. 

Some handloom weavers got work in the new cotton processes that were built up in various pieces of India. The first cotton factory in Quite a while was set up as a turning plant in Bombay in 1854. Thereafter, factories came up in different urban areas as well, for instance, Ahmedabad and Kanpur. 

The material industrial facility industry confronted different issues initially. 

The principal significant spray in the advancement of cotton industrial facility creation in India was during the First World War when material imports from Britain declined and Indian production lines were called upon to deliver fabric for military supplies. 

Indian Wootz steel which was created all over South India, interested European researchers. Nonetheless, the Wootz steel making measure was totally lost by the mid-nineteenth century. The explanation for this was the point at which the British vanquished India, the imports of iron and steel from England started to uproot the iron and steel delivered by the specialties people in India. Thus, a few iron smelters lost their employment. The interest for iron delivered by them unavoidably brought down. 

By the mid twentieth century, the craftsmans creating iron and steel confronted another opposition with the happening to iron and steel industrial facilities in India. & Factory Owners

The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) started delivering steel in 1912. 

Before long in 1914 First World War broke out. Steel delivered in Britain currently needed to satisfy the needs of war in Europe. So imports of British steel into India declined and the Indian Railways, that was extending around then, gone to TISCO for flexibly of rails. 

It was the best second for the TISCO to prosper. 

The war delayed for quite a long while and TISCO needed to deliver shells and carriage wheels for the war. 

By 1919 the pilgrim government was purchasing 90% of the steel fabricated by TISCO. After some time TISCO turned into the greatest steel industry inside the British domain. 

Chintz: It is gotten from the Hindi word chintz which is a material with little and vivid colorful structures. 

Bandanna: The word alludes to any splendidly shaded and printed scarf for the neck or head. Initially, the term got from the word ‘bandhna’ and alluded to an assortment of splendidly hued fabric created through a technique for tying and kicking the bucket. 

Turning Jenny: A machine by which a solitary laborer could work a few shafts on to which string was spun. At the point when the wheel was turned all the shafts pivoted. 

Charkha and takli: Household turning instruments. The string was spun on the charkha and moved on the takli. 

Rangrez: The dyer who colored the string. 

Chhipigar: Block printer 

Aurang: A Persian expression for a distribution center—a spot where merchandise are gathered before being sold. 

Purifying: The way toward getting a metal from rock or soil by warming it to a high temperature, or of liquefying objects produced using metal so as to utilize the metal to make something new. 

Cries: A gadget or hardware that can siphon air. 

Slag stores: The waste left when purifying metal. 

1720 – The British government authorized enactment forbidding the utilization of printed cotton materials—chintz. 

1764 – Spinning Jenny was imagined. 

1786 – Steam motor was created. 

1854 – The first cotton plant in Quite a while was built up in Bombay. 

1912 – The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) started delivering steel.